Visser M, Deeg DJ, Lips P (2003) Low vitamin D and high parathyroid hormone levels as determinants of loss of muscle strength and muscle mass (sarcopenia): the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam.

Trends Endocrinol Metab 21:375–384īoland R (1986) Role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle function. Endocr Rev 13:719–764īikle DD (2010) Vitamin D: newly discovered actions require reconsideration of physiologic requirements. Walters MR (1992) Newly identified actions of the vitamin D endocrine system. Reichel H, Koeffler HP, Norman AW (1989) The role of the vitamin D endocrine system in health and disease. Further research is needed to fully characterize molecular mechanisms of vitamin D action on muscle cells downstream of the VDR, describe the effects on muscle morphology and contractility, and determine whether these molecular and cellular effects translate into clinical improvements in physical function.ĭeLuca HF (2004) Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Despite these research advances, many questions remain. Recent identification of CYP27B1 bioactivity in skeletal muscle cells and in regenerating adult mouse muscle lends support to the direct action of both 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25(OH) 2D in muscle. Additional evidence comes from VDR knockout mouse models with abnormal muscle morphology and physical function, and VDR polymorphisms which are associated with differences in muscle strength. A putative membrane-associated VDR activates intracellular signaling pathways also involved in calcium handling and signaling and myogenesis. VDR activation at the genomic level regulates transcription of genes involved in calcium handling and muscle cell differentiation and proliferation. The underlying mechanisms are probably both indirect via calcium and phosphate and direct via activation of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) on muscle cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation in older adults with low vitamin D status mostly report improvements in muscle performance and reductions in falls. Many observational studies, mainly in older populations, indicate that vitamin D status is positively associated with muscle strength and physical performance and inversely associated with risk of falling. This review discusses the clinical and laboratory studies that have examined a role of vitamin D in skeletal muscle.

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